Watson & Skinner Perspective Essay Example for Free

Watson Skinner Perspective Essay Psychological perspectives will always change as long as psychology continues to move forward. Not one perspective or approach would be considered wrong or incorrect. It just adds to our understanding of human and animal behavior. Most psychologists would agree that not one perspective is correct, although in the past, early days of psychology, the behaviorist would have said their perspective was the only truly scientific one (McLeod, 2007). Two Psychologists who are well known for their theories on behaviorism are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. In this paper I will discuss their own perspectives on behaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to mentalistic psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as thoughts and beliefs. John Boardus Watson(January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia University in 1913. This is sometimes called The Behaviorist Manifesto(Watson, 1913). The first paragraph of the article concisely described Watsons behaviorist position: Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. Watsons quote: â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years† (Watson, 2012). The quotation often appears without context and with the last sentence omitted, making Watsons position appear more radical than it actually was. In Watsons book Behaviorism, the sentence is provided in the context of an extended argument against eugenics. That Watson did not hold a radical environmentalist position may be seen in his earlier writing in which his starting point for a science of behavior was the observable fact that organisms, man and animal alike, do adjust themselves to their environment by means of hereditary and habit equipments. (Watson, 2012). Nevertheless, Watson recognized the importance of nurture in the nature versus nurture discussion which was often neglected by his eugenic contemporaries. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorists total scheme of investigation. With his behaviorism, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions. This outlook, combined with the complementary ideas of determinism, evolutionary continuism, and empiricism has contributed to what is now called radical behaviorism. It was this new outlook that Watson claimed would lead psychology into a new era. He claimed that before Wundt there was no psychology, and that after Wundt there was only confusion and anarchy. It was Watsons new behaviorism that would pave the way for further advancements in psychology (Watson, 2012). Burrhus Frederic B. F. Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American Psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher (Woodward, W. R. 1996). He Innovated his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism, and founded his Own School of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His Analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his Philosophical Manifesto Walden Two, both of which have which have recently seen enormous Increase in Interest experimentally and in applied settings. Contemporary academia considers Skinner a Pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner Called his particular brand of behaviorism Radical behaviorism (Skinner, 1984). Radical Behaviorism is the Philosophy of the science of behavior. It seeks to understand behavior as a Function of Environmental histories of reinforcing consequences. Such a functional analysis Makes it capable of producing technologies of behavior. This applied behaviorism lies on the Opposite side of the Ideological spectrum as the field of cognitive science. Unlike less austere Behaviorism, it does not accept private events such as thinking, perceptions, and unobservable Emotions in a causal account of an organism’s behavior. Skinner stood at the opposite position From humanistic Psychology for his whole career and denied humans possessing freedom and Dignity as well as Evidenced in his novel Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner1984). Most of His theories were supposed to be Based on self-observation, which caused him to become a Supporter for behaviorism. Much of This self-observed theory stemmed from Thorndike’s Puzzle Box, a direct antecedent to Skinner’s Box (Skinner, 1984). The psychologist further Expanded on Thorndike’s earlier work by introducing the concept of Reinforcement to Thorndike’s Law of Effect (Skinner, 1984). Skinner was an Advocate of behavioral engineering And he thought that people should be controlled through the Systematic allocation of external Rewards (Skinner, 1984). Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to Another through similar or same consequences across these Situations. In short, behaviors are Causal factors that are influenced by the consequences. His Contribution to the understanding of Behavior influenced many other scientists to explain social Behavior and contingencies (Skinner, 1984). Reinforcement is a central concept in Behaviorism, and was seen as a central Mechanism in the Shaping and control of behavior. A common Misconception is that negative Reinforcement is Synonymous with punishment. This Misconception is rather pervasive, and is Commonly found in even scholarly accounts of Skinner and his contributions. To be clear, while Positive reinforcement is the strengthening of behavior by the application of some event, Negative reinforcement is the strengthening of behavior by the Removal or avoidance of some Aversive event (e. g. , opening and rising an umbrella over your Head on a rainy day is reinforced By the cessation of rain falling on you). Both types of Reinforcement strengthen Behavior, or Increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring; the Difference is in whether the Reinforcing Event is something applied (positive reinforcement) or something removed or avoided (negative Reinforcement). Punishment and extinction have the Effect of weakening Behavior or decreasing The future probability of a behaviors occurrence, by the application of an aversive Stimulus/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent Stimulation), Removal of a Desirable stimulus (negative punishment or punishment by contingent Withdrawal), or the Absence of a rewarding stimulus, which causes the behavior to Stop (Skinner, 1984). After researching endless research, what is really boils down to is Watson, a classical behaviorist, believed that there was a connection between response and Environment and Skinners theory was a bit different from Watsons in that behavior was a result of consequence. Watson and Skinner were all fathers in the field of psychology. Their ideas Contributed to the way that behavior is seen. Their theories have helped to create many forms of Behavior modification as well as the processes that occur during thought. Although psychologys Theories grow and change daily; these two psychologists theories will maintain their values in Modern psychology.

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Can Anticipatory Logistics Work In The Corporate World? I do not see any reason, based on the article provided, as to why anticipatory logistics cannot work in the corporate world. In my opinion both are significantly similar in function and operation. The basic aim of both the supply chain management that is frequently used in the corporate world and the anticipatory logistics used by the armed forces are same, and that Is to satisfy the customer better than the competitor. It is true that in each industry the requirements, needs and demands of customers are different, specifically in the corporate world where one company sells pharmaceutical products while other sells ready made clothes. However, in the industry, all the companies compete for a greater market share and that share is contributed by earning customers, loyal or not. When there is a question of winning customers, then there is a concern about the cost, the pricing of the product or service, the speed and ease of delive ry, the psychological acceptance, and many other such elements that make the organization ponder on efforts that would let them survive not just in the corporate world, but also in the war or preparations for war. Anticipatory logistics work in the similar fashion as the supply chain management works. Defining the supply chain management, Li et al (1999) writes that the supply chain management is the â€Å"management of materials and information flow both in and between facilities across SC†, where the SC or the supply chain is a â€Å"network of facilities and distribution options that performs the function of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and distribution of these finished products to custo... ...n Empirical Comparison of Anticipatory and Response Based Supply chain Strategies.† The International Journal of Logistics Management. 9: 2; 21-33. Lair, Noor Ajian Mohd, Awaluddin Mohamed Shaharoun and Mohamed Shariff Nabi Baksh, â€Å"JIT Implementation across A Supply Chain and It effects on Inventory Distribution†, http://www.moste.gov.my/kstas/NSFWorkshop/NSF/nsf%5CAAI16.DOC Lenzini, Joshua M (2002) â€Å"The Army's answer to supply chain management Army Logistician†; Fort Lee; Sep/Oct 2002 Li, Yuan, Fan, Zhiping and Zhao, Xuan (1999). â€Å"An Integrated Framework of Supply chain Management System.† Software Engineering Conference 1999. Proceeding sixth Asia Pacific. 196 – 199 Pagh, Janus D and Martha C Cooper (1998) â€Å"Supply chain postponement and speculation strategies: How to choose the right strategy†, Journal of Business Logistics, Issue # 2, Volume 19, Pg. 13-33.

How to Develop Leadership Skills Essay

Malaysia is one of the countries that practice democratic system. Many countries around the world practice democratic system such as United States, India, South Africa, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Japan and United Kingdom. In â€Å"Democratic Style,† (2008), the democratic leadership style means encouraging people to share their ideas, and then collect all the available information into the best possible decision. This leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making with the group members. This style of leadership includes discussion and sharing of ideas and encouragement of people to feel good about their involvement. The democratic leadership style is very open and collegial style of running a team. Leaders who practices democratic style can organize company effectively. To be a good leader, there are three ways to develop leadership skills in an organization through democratic style such as a leader should practice positive attitude, listen to other pe ople’s opinions and always motivate the subordinates. Firstly, a leader should practice positive attitude in the workplace. According to Robert & Christopher (2007), there are some positive attitudes that someone should practice as a leader. For example, he has to have an open mind. As an example, he would not easily punish the employees for their mistakes until he knows the reason. To explain more, one staff who comes late due to emergency care would not be punished. Therefore, a good leader should investigate first before make a decision. Another point is a good leader should also have a wisdom and confidence. Thus, he can make a good decision to lead the organization without doubts. For example, he must select which type of investment the company should choose. Therefore, he must be confidence to make this important decision to ensure the company’s success. In addition, a good leader should be a positive role model to subordinates. Besides, a leader as a role model in an organization can affect the attitude and give a positive impact to subordinates. The subordinates will follow the attitude that their leader shows to them. Secondly, in â€Å"3C’s of Exemplary Leadership,† (2012), a leader should listen to other people’s opinions because it is one of the criteria of a democratic leadership. In that case, a thoughtful leader should listen and accept the opinions of subordinates in order to share ideas. When the leader listens to employees’ opinion, they will appreciate more and feel like they are parts of team. In this way, a leader would gain more respect by subordinates. A good leader should not ignore and must respect the subordinates’ ideas because they will be hurt and think a leader is selfless. In addition, a leader should accept the opinions from subordinates and evaluate it with the committee members. In that case, having a committee member is important in order to make justful decision. This can be done through an evaluation form, suggestion box, and doing informal meeting every week. Moreover, a leader should not be too sensitive and he needs not only to listen to other people’s ideas but also their complaints. Therefore, a problem may be solved through their complaints. He must not be emotional; instead he should be wise to make a decision. Therefore, to be democratic leaders, they must to accept any opinion of subordinates to improve their leadership skills. Finally, to be a good motivator through the democratic style, a leader should motivate the subordinates. All employees must be motivated to work for a company or organization in doing daily tasks. If no motivation is present in an employee, their quality of work will deteriorate. According to Robert & Christopher (2007), a leader should provide motivation to encourage the subordinates to get into action. For example, a leader has to act professionally to help employees complete the task given by carefully organize and sequence the components of each task to be assigned for employees. One main responsibility in educating employees is to make instructions as clear and precise as possible. A leader should not get angry easily because employees need to train. Therefore, a leader must understand employees situation. Besides that, a good leader should reward their subordinates for their outstanding performances for they may establish certain reward. Rewards can be in the form of token or gift, be one-time bonuses or pay increments. In this way, employees will be appreciated and feel more motivated to work better. So, if good leaders want their employees to be good in all work, they must motivate their employees to achieve organizational excellence through the democratic leadership style. In conclusion, democratic style is one of the ways for an organization to succeed. The democratic style will enable the leader to maintain relationship with the subordinates. This leadership style is one of the most effective and it has created advanced productivity, better contributions from subordinates and boost group morale (Woods, 2010). It can also lead to betters ideas and creative solutions to certain problems. The democratic style train all staff in the company to communicate with each other, play a part and participate in the group’s discussion chaired by the leader. In short, a leader will be more responsible to perform his duty and lead the organization to succeed in the future through democratic style. Reference Cherry, Kendra. (Ed.). (n.d.).What is democratic leadership?.Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/democratic-leadership.htm Gill, Roger. (2006). Theory and practice of leadership. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Leadership styles: democratic leadership style. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html Lussier, N. Robert, &Achua, F. Christopher. (2007). Effective leadership. United States: South-Western. Transformation Academy.(n.d.).3 C’s of exemplary leadership (even if you’re not the boss!).Retrieved August 1, 2012, from http://www.transformationacademy.com/?p=1651

The Dark Ages And Its Effect On Society - 1613 Words

Since the existence of mankind, people always have had their instinct to create society. Society is a group of people getting together and sharing an environment to live more comfortable and safe. In the dark ages, a society had a variance of people with different duties, such as hunting, cooking or managing and etc. Because every single person had a different set of skills that can be useful for their societies in a different way. Each duty had its importance and creates an expectation for its society. Those duties can be entitled as first professions of the history of mankind. Let’s think about the times when mankind use rocks to hunt down animals. Because of deficiency of required materials hunting was hard, and dangerous. One day a man decides to sharpen his rock with another rock. Years later another person develops his/her sharpening rock technique becomes perfect at it and hunting becomes effortless for him and his society. Then someone else decides to use this techniqu e for sharpening other people’s rock for food and clothes. By doing that he set off to make his sharpening rock act to be a profession. 21st century societies are complicated versions of the societies back in dark ages. Societies still need people with a set of skills, and any person can have a profession with specified education and field practice. Nowadays there are different varies of professions such as law, medicine, engineering and etc. Also professions has different fields too. Today if aShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Brent Staple s Just Walk On By And Richard Rodriguez s Complexion879 Words   |  4 Pagesstate the scarring effects of racism on the mind juveniles by the use of personal experiences from their youth. Staples and Rodriguez portray in their articles that even at very young ages juveniles can be victims of racism. Such young ages in fact that it leaves scars on them, as it had with Staples and Rodriguez, because they found out the reality behind being black or having dark skin. For example, Staples discovers at the age of twelve what being black is in a racist society, as a white womenRead MoreThe Middle Ages : A Look At The Dark Ages718 Words   |  3 PagesPlew 4/18/17 The Middle Ages is associated with the Dark Ages due to the period including social disorder, political turmoil and widespread disease. The Middle Ages was a period between 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. during which Europe experienced many drastic changes following the fall of Rome. Some of these changes were beneficial, but the changes also caused negative effects too. Overall, the Middle Ages was a dark time for Europe. The Middle Ages was a dark time for Europe because there wasRead MoreEffects Of The Hidden Internet On The Digital Age1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dark Web: The Effects of the Hidden Internet on the Digital Age In the late 1990’s, the internet became a staple of society, a new â€Å"fad† that became integrated into modern culture. As more and more information was uploaded to this repository, data hubs formed, often around illegal materials such as copies of music and movie files. In 2001, a man named Ian Clarke revolutionized the internet by introducing â€Å"Freenet,† a service that allowed for anonymous access to the darkest reaches of the webRead MoreDefining Characteristics of the Medieval, Renaissance, Neoclassical, and Romantic Period 987 Words   |  4 Pagesthe structure of society was a mess. After the trojan war the Medieval period was the one to bring in the more civilized society. Having a more civilized structure brought in new ideas and a more structured government. The base of the Medieval period was Italian scholars and academics on the base of academics was only making slow progress across the world. The most horrific event of the Medieval period wou ld be the Dark Ages. In the article Dark Ages the author states, â€Å"Dark Ages,;the early medievalRead MoreEnding The Cycle Of Minority1585 Words   |  7 Pagesof Minority Crippling Race is a term that society has created. The term has had a long history within the United States and has grown in both the complexity of its meaning and effects as time has progressed. Before race and physical characteristics were used as a way of dividing people, nation’s would sort their population based on religion, social status and language. The concept of Race and Racism has proven to be enduring, and has had underlying effects on our nation’s social and economic structureRead MoreColorist Culture Beliefs Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pageshave contributed to the deaths of women trying to stay in trend. Countries such as India victimize dark females with favor placed on lighter skin. Africa is a predominantly a dark skinned continent that has taken up the fair skin death trap; a country that should be praising rich cocoa skin, or darker skin that is native to India began to praise European like skin. The colorist view projected by society and the media leads to expl oitation and the death of some who have subscribed to colorist idealsRead More The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages Essay786 Words   |  4 Pages The Middle Ages Imagine having to bury your own children. How awful would that be? The Middle Ages were a brutal time that included the bubonic plague, many wars and other horrible things. This period is considered to be one of religion and the Catholic Church, but this was overshadowed by chaos and confusion. Although the Middle Ages is often known as the age of faith, a more appropriate title for the time period would be The Dark Ages because of the black death, wars and the collapse of governmentRead MoreEssay about The Crack Cocaine Epidemic of the Mid 1980s1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the effects of the crack cocaine epidemic of the mid 1980s from a cultural and social stand point because on that decade this country moved to the rhythms and the pace of this uncanny drug. Cocaine took its told on American society by in the 1980s; it ravaged with every social group, race, class, etc. It reigned over the United States without any prejudices. Crack cocaine was the way into urban society, be cause of its affordability in contrast to the powdered form. In society the minoritiesRead MoreThe Dark Souls, And The Curse Of The Undead Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesWhen considering examples of video games as literature, From Software’s 2012 masterpiece Dark Souls immediately comes to mind. This title utilizes a subtle but extremely detailed approach to environmental storytelling, with a majority of its lore revealed through item descriptions and dialog, rather than intrusive cut-scenes. While the depth and complexity of the Dark Souls universe is comparable to that of a novel, during a player’s first experience with the game, one could easily get the impressionRead MoreI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a1000 Words   |  4 PagesI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a presumed profound negative impact on Western Europe. The primary cause for this was that the taxation system had fallen apart. It was a time when the emergence of new civilizations lead to conflict. â€Å"Invasions† of entire peoples and military expeditions were the largest contributors of these conflicts. Since there were no taxes it left no one to

Essay on Term Limits We Dont Need Career Politicians

Elections, especially of representatives and counselors, should be annual, there not being in the whole circle of the sciences a maxim more infallible than this, where annual elections end, there slavery begins. These great men . . . should be [chosen] once a year — Like bubbles on the sea of matter bourn, they rise, they break, and to the sea return. This will teach them the great political virtues of humility, patience, and moderation, without which every man in power becomes a ravenous beast of prey. —John Adams Government exists to serve the people, and not the politicians, American citizens know this. Polls show that Americans want term limitation by margins as high as three-to-one, even four-to-one. Congressional term†¦show more content†¦Many people think that with term limits we would lose experience, maturity, and knowledge of the workings of Congress. However, this is not correct. The workings of Congress need not be nearly so complex as careerists would have us think. However, great pains have been exerted to give us that impression. A term-limited Congress could get the nations business accomplished in a fraction of the time that it takes now, with all the posturing, posing, ego trips and headline-grabbing. And a term-limited Congress could streamline all the procedures. As for experience we would be better off without some of it. What is needed is experience in the real world life experiences from new blood, with fresh ideas. With term limits, congressional staff peopl e would gain control, is another widely used argument against term limits. The fallacy of that argument is that the staff people already have control. Through the years, Congress has abdicated it to them. Committee staffs write the legislation, and members staffs read it, then tell members whats in it. Members themselves rarely read what they vote on. In a country where ignorance of the law is no excuse, members of Congress are often ignorant of many of the provisions of laws they vote on. Congress and its members could regain control from the staffs right now, if they had the will. They dont have the will. A term limited Congress that had the will could get control of the staffs in a very short period ofShow MoreRelatedThe President s Presidential Election1871 Words   |  8 Pagesactually fit to be president. He is one of the only people in this nation’s history that has managed to become the presidential elect without being a career politician or having any background ex perience in that area, and that alone deserves at least a little bit of recognition. For as long as anyone can remember this country has been ran by politicians who have time and time again disappointed the American people. The huge amount of distrust that has built up over the years is why the people beganRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Unjust Laws1008 Words   |  5 PagesTo quote Henry David Thoreau, â€Å"Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress at once?†(p.p.184) Unfortunately, we have reached an impasse to this noble stance. On one hand, it is indeed right to stand up against unjust laws, but on the other hand, such opposition is no longer possible. Modern society has demonstrated time and time again that injustices are standard, and worse yet, completely acceptableRead MorePersonal Leadership Philosophy : Ethics1513 Words   |  7 Pagescore philosophy. They ar e honesty and moral, both traits I believe help to make me an ethical leader. Another two important aspects needed in being an ethical leader are consistency and empathy, which I believe as a soon to be leader are two traits I need to improve. These four traits surrounding my leadership philosophy help to drive my personally employed leadership concept through the leader-member exchange theory. At the foundation of my leadership philosophy is leading ethically, which allowsRead MoreIs The Discrimination Against Women? Politics A Myth Or Is It Reality?1608 Words   |  7 Pagesand being able to participate in secondary party organizations. Women still face several obstacles which prevent them from participating in politics. These barriers are structural barriers that are through discriminatory laws and institutions that limit women’s options to run for office. Even though women have increased their interest in politics, their involvement remains slow-moving almost at a standstill. Participation of women in US government is only a mere 18 percent. There are several factorsRead MoreIntro in 3rd Person1318 Words   |  6 Pageswithin herself is limited, but not knowing for sure where her limits are. A good balance of realism and idealism helps test just how far she can go within her potential. Megan fully admits that she thinks human beings do not have the capacity to fully understand God. It goes without saying, that humans do not have the capacity to fully understand the nature of reality. We are ourselves but a tiny part of a massive reality, which we can never get outside of to view fully. Therefore, if you askRead MoreSocrates, Plato, And The Nature Of Justice1363 Words   |  6 Pageshistory after the Bible and has four themes to it: Justice and the meaning of it, wisdom, the individual and the state. And from the last two themes emerges the term Kallipolis or what is known to us as Utopia or the perfect state. In the Republic, however, we don’t only see Socrates’ views about justice, wisdom, and other principles, But we are also introduced to several standpoints of classical time that have modern parallels. Among one of those standpoints is the pragmatic/ practical view of justiceRead MoreThe Rising Cost Of Tuition1905 Words   |  8 Pagesdepending on the student’s spending habits and choice of college. As a high school senior, I had to consider the steps needed to be taken to avoid student debt. Considering the economic education students receive at home, I can conclude banks and politicians, as well as students’ for their personal decisions take part of the fault of the accumulating student debt. Banks are to blame for a large contributing factor of student debt, which is consumer debt for students. Like many people, students willRead MoreUtilitarians Ethic and Politics: What is the Purpose of Human Life?1655 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists in recognize that the utile of the single coincide with the utile of the others. Historically the Utilitarianism found himself in the English philosophy. The term utilitarianism was used for the first time by J. Bentham, and with that he designed the fundamental character of his own philosophic system. Bentham affirms also the need of all the utilitarian philosophies to create the ethic as an exact science: a rigorous calculus on the quantitative difference of the pleasures. The UtilitarianismRead MoreEssay on Nihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons1682 Words   |  7 PagesNihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons has several characters that hold strong views of the world. For example, Pavel believes that Russia needs struc ture from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. On the other hand, Madame Odintzov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This commentary will focus on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons: Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that TurgenevRead MoreAttempting to Pin Down a Definition of Childhood Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘Childhood’ has always be hard to define as it will vary from each person, every person would have experienced a childhood but how they define theirs is a different story. ‘Childhood is the time for children to be in school and at play, to grow strong and confident with the love and encouragement of their family and an extended community of caring adults.’(UNICEF, 2005). From a psychological view childhood would be defined as the space between birth and attainment of adulthood; but it is

The Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay - 1097 Words

Resource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical can tarnish the public image of a business which can lead to a drop in sales and profits. There is a myth in the business world that business and ethics don’t mix. The reason ethics are considered to be relevant to the bottom line is that regulation is the price business pays for bad ethical strategy. The whole point of business ethics is essentially to define and defend the basic goals of prosperity, freedom, fairness, and individual dignity. This goes along with the 3 C’s of business ethics; compliance, contribution and consequences. Business ethics are the foundation of business, despite business thriving on competition, it survives on the basis of its ethics. Comparing business with a game (practices) makes it easier to understand things like for example how having ‘players’ who cheat can impact badly on the business. Ethics is a way of thinking which can defined under Solomon’s eight rules. Resource A provided me with a lot of new information about how important ethics really is toShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. 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Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines moral problems and ethical principles that come up in a corporate environment. It is applied to every aspect of conducting business. According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor busine ss ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1349 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics can be defined as the critical examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. There are many subcategories that we may look into when speaking of business ethics, in this essay I will be writing about advertising ethics. Advertising is practically unavoidable in today s world, we see it in the streets, shops, magazines, television, on the internet, hear it on the radio. In this essay I will describe two ethical iss ues in advertising, show why business

Electric Cars Essay Research Paper Electric CarsHistoryEarly free essay sample

Electric Cars Essay, Research Paper Electric Cars History: Early on electric vehicles may hold appeared every bit early as 1830. Scots discoverer Robert Davidson constructed the universe # 8217 ; s first paradigm electric vehicle in 1837, but historians by and large recognition J.K. Starley, an English discoverer, and Fred M. Kimball of Boston with constructing the first practical electric autos in 1888. Later in the in the decennary, William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, constructed his version of the electric vehicle in 1891. His vehicle required 24 storage battery cells, took 10 hours to bear down, and could run for 13 hours. It could transport up to 12 people and had a 4-horsepower motor. His auto could make rush up to 14 stat mis per hr. Morrison, nevertheless, neer mass-produced his vehicle. The first commercially produced electric vehicle was the Electrobat. It was manufactured by Philadelphia-based Morris and Salom Company. In 1896, the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago became the first American maker of electric autos. The Electrobat was one of several electric autos, which competed in a race sponsored by Illinois publishing house H.H. Kohlsaat. He had challenged discoverers to come up with a auto that could go the distance from Chicago to Evanston and back ( 58 stat mis ) . Electric autos and gas autos competed against each other in this competition. Although none of the autos performed in an particularly noteworthy mode, the electric autos failed miserably. It seemed that the slushy state roads generated a great trade of clash, which drained the strength of the batteries rapidly. Shortly after the Kohlsaat race, Thomas Edison said he believed gasolene, non electricity, would supply the dominant power beginning for the car of the hereafter. # 8220 ; As it looks at the present, # 8221 ; he said, # 8220 ; it would look more likely that ( the autos ) will be run by a gasolene or naphtha motor of some sort. It is rather possible. However, that an electric storage battery will be discovered which will turn out more economical, but at the present the gasolene or naphtha motor looks more promising. It is merely a inquiry of a short clip passenger cars and trucks in every big metropolis will be run on motors. # 8221 ; Thomas Edison seemed to foretell the hereafter. Even so, in 1904 tierce of all the autos in New York City, Chicago, and Boston were electrically powered. By 1912, there were 20,000 electric autos and 10,000 electric coachs and trucks were on the route in the United States. Merely a smattering of industries, notably Baker and Detroit Electric, made it into the 1930 # 8217 ; s. Former President Woodrow Wilson owned one of the most elegant autos of the period, a 1918 Milburn Electric. In the 1960 # 8217 ; s and 1970 # 8217 ; s a smattering of electric auto industries started to re-emerge because of the increasing concern about air pollution and a depleting supplies of crude oil. In the late 1970 # 8217 ; s and 1980 # 8217 ; s, industries started developing electric autos called loanblends. These autos have all the constituents of the electric autos plus an internal-combustion engine. In the late 1980 # 8217 ; s, one of the most e technologically advanced electric autos was the Sunraycer, developed by General Motors Corporation. This experimental auto used solar energy to reload its batteries. More late, in 1996, General Motors Corporation announced the first modern, mass-produced auto designed specifically as an electric auto. Besides in 1996, the Honda Motor Company introduced another electric auto, the first with nickel-metal hydride batteries, for sale in the United States. Italian car manufacturer, Fiat, announced it will get down doing vehicles with a new, standard-sized battery based on a European criterion in 1996. Technological Concepts: An electric auto has a battery and a accountant, connected to the gas pedal pedal, for directing the flow of electricity between the battery and motor. Most electric autos use lead-acid batteries, but new types of batteries, including zinc-chlorine, nickel metal hydride, and sodium-sulfur, are in the plants. The motor of an electric auto harnesses the battery # 8217 ; s electrical energy by change overing it to kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy that makes the auto move. The driver merely switches on the power, selects # 8220 ; Forward # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; Reverse # 8221 ; with another switch, and stairss on the gas pedal pedal. While the internal-combustion engine of a conventional auto has many traveling parts, an electric motor has merely a individual rotating component. Like a gasoline-powered auto, an electric auto has a system, called a power train, of cogwheels, shafts, and articulations that transmit gesture from the motor straight to the auto # 8217 ; s wheels. This system eliminates the demand for clasps or multispeed transmittals. The driver uses an electronic accountant to command the rate at which energy flows from the batteries to the motor. In order to travel rearward, the flow of electricity through the motor is reversed, altering the rotary motion of the motor a nd doing the power train to do the wheels go in the rearward way. Most electric autos have a regenerative braking system. That means the clash that builds up in the brakes charge up the battery. When thrusts take their pess from the gas pedal, the motor acts as a generator and converts the energy caused by the motion of the vehicle back into electricity and shops it in the battery. Converting the kinetic energy into electric energy slows the auto. Electric autos besides have a brake pedal and a traditional braking system that slows the vehicle by halting the wheels from turning, for speedy exigency fillet. Future: The hereafter for electric autos looks to be a bright 1. This is because of California # 8217 ; s zero-emissions policy, which has been adopted by several other provinces. The states electric vehicle population is due to detonate by the terminal of the decennary. Harmonizing to a survey by the alliance, 65,364 new electric vehicles will be available for sale in 2000 in California, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. ( The latter 5 provinces will besides hold will hold indistinguishable emanations policies as California. ) The one-year sum of new electronics in those provinces is scheduled to lift to 175,910 in the twelvemonth 2002 and to 352,320 in 2003. Besides experts are looking at alternate beginnings for batteries. Some experts feel hydrogen fuel cells will be the dominant motor vehicle power beginning. The fuels cells convert H ( an component in virtually illimitable supply ) straight into electricity without firing it to bring forth heat. Vehicles that are powered by H will be 3 times every bit energy-efficient as compared to gasoline-burning internal burning engines. These autos will besides be # 8220 ; squeaky-clean # 8221 ; because H powered vehicles merely emit H2O vapour as fumes. Another alternate beginning for batteries contain thin sheets of plastic called proton-exchange membranes ( PEMs ) . These separate H ions from negatrons during operation. This type of battery seems to be the best suited for motor vehicle travel. This battery could give a fuel cell that is light, compact and cheap to bring forth on a aggregate footing. Sam Romano, undertaking director of the fuel-cell plan at Georgetown says PEM engineering is # 8220 ; possibly 10 to 12 old ages off from wide commercial application. # 8221 ; In all the motor vehicle market of the hereafter is likely to have several different fueling systems. # 8220 ; There # 8217 ; s traveling to be a function for all of the technologies. # 8221 ; Says Gloria Quinn, a spokes-woman for the Edison Electric Institute, which represents investor-owned electric power companies and electric public-service corporation keeping companies. # 8220 ; Electric vehicles, in footings of light-duty trucks, autos and new waves, make a great trade of sense. But for heavy-duty trucks, the battery engineering merely isn # 8217 ; t there at all. # 8221 ; Consequently, says Quinn, # 8220 ; Despite the environmental advantages of electric vehicles, other alternate fuel engineerings will stay on the scene # 8211 ; and even rule certain vehicle markets. # 8221 ; Advantages/Disadvantages: There are many advantages to driving an electric auto. First, they produce no fumes pollutants, so their widespread usage could cut down air pollution. Second, they use batteries so they do non devour crude oil resources. Third, electric autos are quiet. This would diminish the sum of noise pollution in engorged countries. Fourth, their batteries can be recharged while the proprietor is place or at work. This would avoid halting at gas Stationss to refuel. Finally, electric autos are more efficient than gasolene powered autos. The main disadvantage of electric autos is that they can go merely approximately 100 stat mis before their batteries must be recharged. Besides, the batteries for an electric auto are really expensive and must be replaced two or three times during the life of the vehicle. Since the batteries must suit into a little infinite, they can merely hive away a limited sum of energy. Electric autos besides have a below mean acceleration. Most of them can merely make velocities of 62 stat mis per hr. They besides do non hold the ability to cruise or mount fast plenty to vie with gasoline-powered autos and accoutrements, such as air status or wirelesss, drain the battery even more rapidly. Another job is the power required to reload their batteries is generated at the same electric power workss that provide electricity for metropoliss and towns. Dietz, Diane. The Register Guard # 8220 ; Manufacturers Test the Market with Electric Cars # 8221 ; Eugene Oregon:1999. Haverdink, William. World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia # 8220 ; Electric Car # 8221 ; : Chicago. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. # 8220 ; Electric autos # 8221 ; 1998: Microsoft Corporation. Nafassian, David. # 8220 ; WCL: An Introduction to Electric Vehicles # 8221 ; April 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.itc.org/wcl97/archive/wclall/msg00001.html. Worsnop, Richard L. , # 8220 ; Electric Cars # 8221 ; CQ Researcher: July 9, 1993.